In mongrel, all diseases of the skin can be divided into specific bright groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular malady caused near pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most standard diseases of the veneer of any majority group. These register folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and many others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya stop trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused past bizarre viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the epidermis, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a really common party of coating diseases caused by divers pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a club of lamina diseases caused by an allergic skin resistance to something. These take in allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused mainly by means of changes in the nervous practice: itchy skin, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common inveterate coat sickness that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an ordinary, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Dermatophytosis, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Diffuse connective tissue affliction characterized via lesions of connective pile file lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disorder, the sole or essential morphological peculiarity of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the graze (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized by nonspecific irritation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary decorticate illness, manifested by various pathological processes in the fell: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of strip appendages (sebaceous glands, ringlets and nails) comprehend seborrhea, and the disease developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hide constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, chiefly caused close to disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
On tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the pellicle, basal stall carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus steam +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized not later than the trusty semblance of advanced boils at different stages of progress in remarkable parts of the body. So, the disease is defined as a long-standing relapsing passionate process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the confess b confront (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The disease usually develops on areas of veneer trauma, level pegging minutest, in the form of a apart blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a one boils (rind contamination, scratches, extravagant emitting of sweat bullets and sebaceous glands, etc.), as incredibly as the weakening of the immune significance (insufficiency in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency state in linking with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Absolutely in many cases there are cases where furunculosis is a complexity of other coat diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Distinctive boils upon as lone: on the skin deep agonizing pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the process of growing, it begins to stick out first of all the conical robust skin, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the sputter, accompanied past copious purulent necrotic mass. The process ends with scarring of the hearth.
The inequality between separate furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may weaken the dogged: fever may come up, the unaggressive complained of normal irresoluteness, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Thinkable complications of the infection as per usual rise when it is localized on the principal (brazen through), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the few locks follicles, which amalgamate to configuration a single traitorous infiltrate. Usually develops as a sequel of the same factors that chafe (peel contamination, offence, excessive secreting of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The cancer is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous accumulation, the most familiar apartment of bearing formations - the side with of the neck, shoulders, keester and drop back.
Since the fervent process involves a number of curls follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the chafe, a few necrotic cores. Swollen outside is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and zealous to the touch. In coequal, there is deterioration of heterogeneous acclimatize of the persistent: there is a fever (temperature may ascend to 40 degrees), trouble, nausea or vomiting, harsh spasm at the spot of localization of sore, the tolerant feels a general weakness, harm of appetite.
After a inexorable age revealed an inflamed follicle, forming a sprinkling openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its recall remains a festering cancer surface, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rough star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a few areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics approximately the localization of sore (in the near the start stages of development), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed next to proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a assembly of diseases of the strip and its appendages (hair and nails) caused alongside pathogenic fungi of divers genera. They interest a eloquent spot quantity the mycoses.
Total the fungal diseases have identified a platoon of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of called past comprehension mycoses. It also includes a group of psevdomikozov, agents which hold an intermediary leaning between fungi and bacteria.
The most shared integument diseases caused by fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These include skin diseases eidermofitiya abandon rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most conventional of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can abuse not barely the pellicle of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the development of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of intimate hygiene, sanitary-epidemic direction in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on feeble surfaces, in putrescent waters.
Less general keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting lone the appear areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Mass the distinguished keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The do in of the skin, nails and hardy b cold ridges observed in the candidiasis - a blight caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by means of them in diverse ways, including the increase of candidiasis is credible with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, best to dysbacteriosis.
The deep mycoses in Europe are rare - they are characteristic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when skin microtraumas. On the skin, there are sundry bumps, knots, are prone to ulceration. The chance of knowledgeable fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of shell, subcutaneous tissue, underlying muscles and in spite of bones and internal organs and commonly leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is at times required surgery - removal of ailing nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by different types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are several types of warts, depending on the pattern of factor: vulgaris (stale) are caused alongside pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the smooth - the causative emissary of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Established (improper) training are almost always observed in childhood and adolescence. They look like pimples flesh pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, extreme pave, whose dimensions variety from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most time after time they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Flat warts are develop first in children and immature adults. They are a multiple entire or oviform papules color with a burnished surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Inveterately located on the seemingly, neck, coffer, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly above the unchanging of thriving skin.
Plantar can occur at any age, they instigate the materialization of micro refrain from excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is for the most part multiple, definite, steady to the rival with the grouping of a irregular surface. Some of them precipitately stabbing, uniquely those in the field of lean on during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and set forth the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried wrong on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative representative of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in search humans. The virus is transmitted close handle in (including fleshly) and including the use of standard items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disease is more plain in preschool children. In persons of midst and ramshackle duration disease provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the malady is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect hint of them.
The incubation while is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The murrain is manifested about the appearance of the husk penetrating of the virus in places, illustrious, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from a handful mm to 1 cm in the center of the component detected a built indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish pallid mass.
The number of emerged nodules may be original: solitary select most located on the disguise, neck, back of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into short pockets. In the containerize of the virus into the body on account of erotic contact molluscum contagiosum often localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements tend to merge, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with harsh edges - the professed "giant clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can disappear on their own, but the coincident emergence of unique elements in the then affected areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Ichthyosis - a chronic infection of the skin, nails and joints, characterized nearby the air on the pellicle monomorphic rash. The rash is a slow papules of numerous sizes that tend to mingle into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the wink of an eye it is inseparable of the most overused lasting diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is simulated not contrariwise the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this understanding is not scientifically proven.
There are several theories regarding the launching of the disability: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased chamber rise), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous process) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis piercing, customary of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the spiculose mitoses found in the papillary dermis - the flourishing of capillaries, the inflaming infiltrate.
The development of the affliction is characterized around a multi
fariousness of start: the condition can start almost unnoted through the patient with the show of multiple papules and may explicit impetuous spread of the incrustation to the casual observer scars. The malady is caused during the seasons: thus, the most standard "winter" type with exacerbations during the bitter-cold ready, at least - "summer". Also, on occasion there is a mixed breed of exacerbation which stand up at any heyday of year.
There are certain forms of the cancer: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - skin lesions of an inflammatory temperament, resulting from actual collision on it. There are undecorated and allergic graze lesions.
The manifestation of dull-witted dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), palpable influence (maximum or dirty temperatures - a burn or frostbite, shedding, mechanical emphasis, galvanizing up to date, etc.). The inflammatory process develops in the skin at the site is strictly stimulus effects, and its hardness depends on the zeal and location leisure stimulus, as glowingly as the properties of the skin and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the disease: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the skin is constantly, you sway congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple cut occurs closely after exposure to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, prominently areas of fleece, a clinical artwork that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic reaction of delayed genus to the stimulus. Allergens are usually chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are put forward in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg hair dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic nature of the malady is as follows: the skin reddens without the pattern of intelligible boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or blurred content, which at the opening of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical image of atopic dermatitis differs from the plain particulars that the first affects the skin, not barely on the effects of stimulus location, but also extends beyond its effects. In place of illustration, the effects of an allergic resistance to poor quality ink can spread on the go up against, neck and unchanging chest. Self-centred feelings of the unaggressive is most oftentimes characterized by way of a pronounced itching.
Itching - a condition in which the situation of serious worth are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the feeling that causes the trouble to comb the skin. In all probability, this suspicion of drag, but in modified manifestation, which occurs when a retiring stimulation of cutaneous guts endings dependable for the sake pain perception. Some scholars take identified in mortal skin-specific receptors that grasp an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the skin;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the upset approach, digestive pattern, diseases of the endocrine scenery (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malignant diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a several of fell diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In stable skin diseases, itching is their however clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly planned, but it is known that in its establishment involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized nearby paroxysmal, his seizures usually crop up in the evening and night time. Is intolerable character, so much a unbalanced skin brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Feel the following subtypes of generalized itching: out of date, high-altitude, solar (light). An one-time fetter appears in the hoary (upon 60) and is due to involutional (presenile) processes in the portion including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a acme of past 7000 m overhead sea level, it arises as a result of stimulation of baroreceptors. Tan is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized irritation is characterized sooner than minimal, it regularly occurs in the anus, foreign genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching confirmed infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that turn up dawn on in menopause. Continued fact of itching can main to complications in the form of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized coating ulcers observed irritability, sleep disarrangement authority, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a lasting fell sickness of inflammatory description, which is characterized through the appearance of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are apt to mergers and the
crystallization of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the skin (its seal, a disregarding of the assume).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: diffuse and limited. Diffuse is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can promote poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, brook, kidney), the centers of other persistent infections, as good-naturedly as important disorders of the medial disturbed plan, autonomic organized whole, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The sheer capacity in the happening of this plague are disorders of the excitable and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The main symptom is the air of dispel neurodermatitis papules faint pink, subjectively characterized past itching. Papules tend to unite into unceasing lesions with resultant lichenification of the skin. Such centers large are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the pelt cross someone's mind on the face, endorse and thorax ' on the skin appear pink erythema, with no clear boundaries and characterized near lightly made desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in guaranteed areas of the rind, itchy and very sparkling tack panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The fleece becomes waterless, prospering gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: catch forty winks upset, appetite loss, hypotension,
Stevens-Johnson, soft spot, fatigue, hypoglycemia, etc. The sedulous becomes irritable, tearful, perhaps lowering of fuselage weight.
The disability is characterized at hand a prolonged circuit with a relevant of redness subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the gaining headway of this qualification until the erythroderma. This may be appropriate to an unfavorable lecture of the murrain, indelicate treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Narrow neurodermatitis affects narrow areas of the skin, the most normal localization - educate and side of the neck, the incrustation 'round the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the meagre form are divided into three zones:
center, the foremost present of which is lichenification of the decorticate;
Sorry - that area of the pellicle, which arise polished papular rash of tight rate;
unessential, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a cancer characterized nearby enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as good-naturedly as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical composition of sebum leads to the check of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the vigorous microflora of the overlay is transformed into pathogenic. The commotion of draining of sebaceous glands are by caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the avenue of the latter. Most again this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this plague are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration in all directions from coat appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused by obstruction of the selection sebaceous secretion that occurs as a d‚nouement develop of enhanced keratinization.
The most numerous sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the pretence, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a chummy (thick and liquid), and dry blended.
If there is a chock-full flattering seal and reduced ductility of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. On a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo crowd senseless of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a thick abundance of tallow. The tresses in this form of the blight transform into rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The liquid comprise is characterized near fatty losneniem film pores greatly expanded, including plenty of sebum released. The ringlets of the noggin look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a large gang of yellowish scales; viable alopecia. Extent the complications cast folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Tiresome seborrhea different reduced excretion of fat, abundant aspect on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales play, as a command, or the usually superintendent, or in the occipital-parietal region, and they are easily separated and fail to the clothes. Hair becomes dry and brittle. In this type of malady on the skin arise pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the outwardly of numerous matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The dry deportment of the disease is accompanied by self-centred sensations: patients wail of a tender of tightening of the veneer, tingling, especially growing after washing with cold water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized beside enhanced excretion of fruitful in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry outer layer on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of loaded was observed exclusively in the frontal and parietal regions.